'REVIEW of the preceding lessons':

'To form the plural of nouns, one adds -s to its singular form; to form an adverb one adds -li to the adjective; to form the past tense, one adds -ed to the infinitive; to form the future tense one prefixes wil- to the verb; for the conditional the prefix placed before the infinitive is wud-.'

'In questions, the voice rises at the end of the sentence; in its written form a question is indicated simply by placing a question mark [?] at the end of the sentence.'

'AFFIRMATION': Strong man karïed ïzili big bagij. 'Question': Strong man karïed ïzili big bagij? ' ?'

'The  letter 's' represents the sound for the letter c in such English words as: glance, dance, fence, sentence. Hence these words are written in Transitional English as follows: glans, dans, fens, sentèns. It is important to remember that in Transitional English, except for the digraphs ch, jh, ng, sh, zh, one letter has only one phonetic value.'

'PREPOSITIONS': 'These are words  that show a relationship between two different words: pikchùr on wöl (picture on wall) ' '; pleyt an teybèl (plate on table) ' '; kärpèt ùndèr teybèl (carpet under table) ' '; kofi with krïm and shugàr (coffee with cream and sugar) ' .'

'These twenty-seven (27) prepositions, reduced from 54 in normal English, must be memorized in order to be recognized. They are unavoidable in the language and should be learned in the order in which they appear below.'

àráwnd (around)' ', at (at) ' ', bifôr (before) ' ', biháynd (behind) ' ', bisáyd (beside) ' ', bisáyds (besides) ' ', bitwîn (between) ' ', bùt (but) ' ', bay (by) ' ', dawn (down) ' ', during (during) ' ', for (for) ' ', from (from) ' ', in (in) ' ', ov (of) ' ', of (off) ' ', on (on) ' ', awt (out) ' ', owvèr (over) ' ', layk (like) ' ', thrü (through) ' ', tu (to) ' ', sins (since) ' ', ùndèr (under) ' ', ùntil (until) ' ', ùp (up) ' ', with (with) ' '.

'EXERCISES WITH PREPOSITIONS: Study the picture and the prepositions [in italics] in the following exercises.'

ontréy (entree), n. ' '
bowl (bowl), n. ' '
cheìr (chair), n. ' '
aftèr (after), prep. ' '
flat (flat), adj. ' '
förk (fork), n. ' '
lärjer (larger), adj. ' '
left (left), n. ' '
nayf (knife), n. ' '
napkìn (napkin), n. ' '
pleys (place), n. ' '
pleys mat (place mat), fr. ' '
pleyt (plate), n. ' '
rayt (right), n. ' '
salàd (salad), n. ' '
sit (sit), v. ' '
smöl (small), adj. ' '
spün (spoon), n. ' '
sup (soup), n. ' '
top (top), n. ' '
teybèl (table), n. ' '
weytrès (waitress), n. ' ' 

'IN RESTAURANT'. ('The prepositions appear in red italic letters.')

• Aftèr wi sit at teybèl, weytrès put pleys-mat on teybèl; flat pleyt on top ov mat, and sup bowl on top ov flat pleyt.

' .'
• Tu rayt ov mat shi pleys napkìn, nayf, and spün.

' .'
• Tu left ov mat shi pleys tü förks; smöler förk for salàd and lärjer wòn for ontréy.

' .'

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'CONTINUE   THE   EXERCISES   WITH     PREPOSITIONS:

1. Window bï on wöl bitwîn lamp and pikchùr.
2. Bisáyd window bï lamp on left. It bï àbòv teybèl.
3. Pikchùr bï bisáyd window tu rayt.
4. Teybèl bï bisáyd wöl.
5. Teybèl bï ùndèr window, lamp, and pikchùr.
6. Tu cheìrs bï bisáyd teybèl.
7. Dher bï kofi pat and wotèr pichèr on teybèl.
8. Wotèr bï in pichèr and kofi bï in kofi pat.
9. Weytrès pör wotèr from pichèr in wotèr glas.
10. Weytrès kòmed awt ov kichèn. Shi gowed bak in kichèn.
11. Wen shi kòm awt shi bring füd and put it on teybèl for wi.
12. Ov-ay frend sit on òdhèr sayd ov teybèl.
13. Ay ït süp with spün. Frend ït mït with förk.
14. Ay drink wotèr with mïl. Frend drink kofi with ov-hi mïl.
15. Hi drink kofi with krïm and shugàr.
16. Sins wi layk füd, wi ït ùntil wi not kan ït mör.
17. Ov-ay frend not hav meni, bùt ay, yes. Ay pey bil for hi.
18. Ay lïv fayvtîn pèrsént tip for weytrès.
19. Biháynd frend bï òdhèr teybèl and tü mör cheìrs.
20. Bifôr wi lïv, wi sey gud nayt and thangk yü tu weytrès. 

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'EXERCISES (1-15)'. 'Answer the following questions in complete sentences in Transitional English':

1. Weèr bï teybèl in restàrànt?

• 'Example of an answer': Teybèl in restàrànt bï bisáyd wöl.
2. Hü sit on òdhèr sayd ov teybèl from yü?

3. Wàt yü ït süp with?

4. Wàt frend ït with förk? 

5. Hü bring füd tu yü from kichèn?

6. Frend drink kofi with wàt?

7. In wàt bï kofi dhat frend drink?

8. Window bï bitwîn wàt?

9. Wàt bï tu rayt ov window?

10. Wàt bï tu left ov window?

11. Wàt yü and frend sit on?

12. Wàt kaynd ov pleyts bï on mat?

13. Wàt yuténsìls bï on rayt bisáyd pleyt?

14. Wàt yuténsìls bï on left bisáyd pleyt?

15. Haw big tip yü lïv for weytrès?



'ANSWERS (1-15)'.

1. Teybèl in restàrànt bï bisáyd wöl.

2. Ov-ay frend sit on òdhèr sayd ov teybèl from ay.

3. Ay ït süp with spün.

4. Frend ït mït with förk.

5. Weytrès bring füd tu wi from kichèn.

6. Frend drink kofi with krïm and shugàr.

7. Kofi dhat frend drink bï in kùp.

8. Window bï bitwîn lamp and pikchùr.

9. Tu rayt ov window bï pikchùr.

10. Tu left ov window bï lamp.

11. Frend and ay sit on cheìrs.

12. An mat bï flat pleyt and süp bowl.

13. An rayt bisáyd pleyt bï nayf and spün.

14. An left bisáyd pleyt bï tü förks.

15. Ay lïv fayvtîn pèrsént tip for weytrès.



'TWO OBJECTS OF VERB. When a verb has two objects, one serves as the DIRECT OBJECT and the other as the INDIRECT OBJECT. The latter is usually preceded in Transitional English by the prepositions tu or for. Example: Ay giv mòni tu hi.[' .'] Ay giv it tu hi. [' .'] Ay send mòni for hi. [' .'] Ay send it for hi. [' .'] 

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VÒKÁBYÙLERI (VOCABULARY) 'EQUIVALENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE (2)'

àráyvàl (arrival), n. ' '
bùs (bus), n. ' '
bowt (boat), n. ' '
chïper (cheaper), adj. ' '
dipârchùr (departure), n. ' '
er (air), n. ' '
eyjènt (agent), n. ' '
eyjèntsi (agency), n. ' '
flayt (flight), n. ' '
krüz (cruise), n. ' '
pleyn (plane), n. ' '
rawnd trip (round trip), fr. ' '
rivèr (river), n. ' '
send (send), v. ' '
ship (ship), n. ' '
sins (since), conj. ' '
tikèt (ticket), n. ' '
towtàl (total), n. ' '
treyn (train), n. ' '
turist (tourist), n. ' ' 

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DAYÀLOG (DIALOGUE)	'TITLE IN YOUR LANGUAGE'
(In travèl eyjèntsi.)  [In travel agency.]	('Equivalent in your language.')
Eyjènt.-- Gud mörning, sìr. (Good morning, sir.)	' '
Turist.-- Gud mörning. Ay wud layk tu bay tü rawnd-trip tikèts to Los Angeles [Los Anjèlès]. (Good morning. I would like to buy two round-trip tickets to Los Angeles.)	' .'
Eyjènt.-- Yes, sìr. Bay er, treyn, bùs, or bay bowt? (Yes, sir. By air, train, bus, or by boat?)	' ?'
Turist.-- Wàt bï difèrèns? (What be difference?)	' ?'
Eyjènt.-- Wel, treyn bï mör ikspénsiv dhan pleyn, bùs bï chïper, and bowt bï veri ikspénsiv. (Well, train be more expensive than plane, bus be cheaper, and boat be very expensive.)	' .'
Turist.-- Sins wi bï naw in Cincinnati [Sinsìnáti], haw yü wud send ay tu Los Angeles [Los Anjèlès] bay bowt? (Since we be now in Cincinnati, how you would send I to Los Angeles by boat?)	' ?'
Eyjènt.-- Bay rivèrbowt tu New Orleans [Nyü Örlïns], and dhen bay krüz ship thrü Panama Canal [Panàmä Kànal] tu Los Angeles. (By riverboat to New Orleans, and then by cruise ship through Panama Canal to Los Angeles.)	' .'
Turist.-- Ay think ay wil-gow bay pleyn. (I think I will go by plane.)	' .'
Eyjènt.-- Veri wel. Wi hav speshàl prays: Cincinnati tu Los Angeles for $300 for rawnd trip. (Very well. We have special price: Cincinnati to Los Angeles of $300 for round trip.)	' .'
Turist.-- Gud. Yü wil tel ay flayt nùmbèrs, tayms ov dipârchùr and àráyvàl, and ay wil rayt yü chek for towtàl. (Good. You will tell I flight numbers, times of departure and arrival, and I will write you check for total.)	' .'

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'COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES'. 'There are two ways of making comparisons: 1) by suffixes, or by 2) detached prefixes':

1.a) chïp (cheap)	---'adjective'---	2.a) chïp (cheap)
1.b) chïper (cheaper)	---'comparative form' ---	2.b) mör chïp (more cheap)
1.c) chïpest (cheapest)	---'superlative form'---	2.c) most chïp (most cheap)

'In b) the comparison is made by adding -er to the adjective, or one can place the adverb mör (more) ' ' before the adjective. In c) the superlative is formed by adding -est to the adjective, or one can place the adverb most (most) ' ' before the adjective.' 

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'EXERCISES (* 1-15)'. 'TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO TRANSITIONAL ENGLISH. First, we give the form in our native language, and then, as an aid, we present the sentence in the orthography of normal English':
1. 'Translator: please place equivalent in learner's native language.' (After we sit at table, waitress put place mat on table.)
2. ' .' (To left of mat she place two forks; smaller fork for salad and larger one for entree.)
3. ' .' (Beside window be lamp on left. It be above table.)
4. ' .' (Table be beside wall.)
5. ' .' (Waitress pour water from pitcher to glass.)
6. ' .' (When she come out, she bring food and put it on table for we.)
7. ' .'  (I eat soup with spoon. Friend eat meat with fork.)
8. ' .' (He drink coffee with cream and sugar.)
9. ' .' (I leave fiveteen [fifteen] percent tip for waitress.)
10. ' .' (Before we leave, we say good night and thank you to waitress.)
11. ' .' (Good morning. I would like [to] buy two round trip tickets to Los Angeles.)
12. ' .' (Good. You will tell [to] I flight numbers, times of departure and arrival, and I will write [for] you check for total.)
13. ' ?' (What utensils be on right, beside plate?)
14. ' ?' (What be to right of window?
15. ' ?' (Since we be now in Cincinnati, how you would send I to Los Angeles by boat?)

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'ANSWERS (* 1-15)':

1. Aftèr wi sit at teybèl, weytrès put pleys mat on teybèl.
2. Tu left ov mat shi pleys tü förks; smöler förk for salàd and lärjer wòn for ontréy.
3. Bisáyd window bï lamp on left. It bï àbòv teybèl.
4. Teybèl bï bisáyd wöl.
5. Weytrès pör wotèr from pichèr tu glas.
6. Wen shi kòm awt, shi bring füd and put it on teybèl for wi.
7. Ay ït süp with spün. Frend ït mït with fork.
8. Hi drink kofi with krïm and shugàr.
9. Ay lïv fayvtîn pèrsént tip for weytrès.
10. Bifôr wi lïv, wi sey gud nayt and thangk yü tu weytrès.
11. Gud mörning. Ay wud-layk bay tü rawnd trip tikèts tu Los Angeles.
12. Gud. Yü wil tel tu ay flayt nùmbèrs, tayms ov dipârchùr and àráyvàl, and ay wil rayt for yü chek for towtàl.
13. Wàt yuténsìls bï on rayt, bisáyd pleyt?
14. Wàt bï tu rayt ov window?
15. Sins wi bï naw in Cincinnati, haw yü wud-send ay tu Los Angeles bay bowt?

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Click here for the Transitional English to Standard English and 'Your language' vocabulary. ('Translate the preceding sentence into your language'.)	Click here for the Standard English to Transitional English and 'Your language' vocabulary. ('Translate the preceding sentence into your language.')	Click here for 'Your language' to Transitional English and Standard English vocabulary. ('Translate the preceding sentence into your language'.)
Click here for Langenscheidt's 'Your language'-English English-'Your language' on-line dictionary. ('Translate the preceding sentence into your language.')

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Last revised on 24 April 2001